Morphological evaluation of dental diseases in Parion chamber tomb (OM 5) Roman people / Evaluación morfológica de enfermedades dentales en la tumba de la cámara de Parion (OM 5) del pueblo romano

SUMMARY: Most of the dental diseases occur due to tooth or jaw morphology or nutritional habits. Anatomical differences in the teeth and jaws of men and women can cause different dental diseases between the sexes. In this study, 33 skeletons obtained from the excavation of the ancient city of Parion, which are dated to the late Roman period, were examined. Dental diseases and possible causes were investigated on a total of 33 skeletons. In the evaluations, it was evaluated that some diseases were caused by the difference between the sexes, while some were classified as nutritional diseases. The rates of tooth decay are different between men and women with Parion. It has been determined that the most important reason for this is the different morphological structure of the jaws and teeth, but the nutritional differences also cause this. Other dental and jaw diseases were also evaluated in the Parion population.

RESUMEN: La mayoría de las enfermedades dentales se deben a la morfología de los dientes o la mandíbula o a los hábitos nutricionales. Las diferencias anatómicas en los dientes y las mandíbulas de hombres y mujeres pueden causar diferentes enfermedades dentales entre los sexos. En este estudio, se examinaron 33 esqueletos obtenidos de la excavación de la antigua ciudad de Parion, que datan del período romano tardío. Se investigaron las enfermedades dentales y las posibles causas en un total de 33 esqueletos. En las evaluaciones, se determinó que algunas enfermedades fueron causadas por la diferencia entre los sexos, mientras que otras fueron clasificadas como enfermedades nutricionales. Además se encontraron diferentes estimaciones de caries entre hombres y mujeres. Se analizó que la razón más importante de esto es la diferencia de la estructura morfológica de los maxilares y los dientes, sin embargo las diferencias nutricionales también es un factor que se debe considerar. Se evaluaron además, otras enfermedades dentales y de la mandíbula en la población de Parion.

Morphometric analysis of accessory vessel grooves (AVG) in the skulls of the ancient spradon population: an anthropological approach / Análisis morfométrico de los surcos de vasos sanguíneos accesorios (SVA) en los cráneos de la antigua población de spradon: un enfoque antropológico

SUMMARY: Accessory vessel grooves (AVG), or accessory vessel sulcus, is the name given to grooves seen in the frontal region of the skull. In studies conducted by anthropologists on antiquity skeletons, it is seen that some variations are confused with traumas due to the unknown skeletal morphology. This situation leads to an incorrect evaluation of the socio-economic or health structure of the population. In this study, an accessory vessel grooves research was carried out on the skeletons of the late Roman-early Byzantine population. Studies were conducted on 69 adult human skeletons of known age and sex, and 3 human skeletal skulls whose sex could not be determined. Accessory vessel grooves rate was calculated as 10.54 % in the Spradon ancient population. While there is 10.52 % AVG in female individuals in the population, lower AVG levels have been detected in males compared to females with 9.67 %. There is no significant difference between male and female individuals in terms of AVG. Although the lengths of AVG differ in the right and left frontal, it can be said that there is no difference in direction. Although the relation of AVG variation with high blood pressure is included in the literature, the intense appearance of this structure in the Spradon Population, especially in young individuals, weakens this hypothesis. The literature on the existence of AVG will expand further with the studies to be carried out on ancient Anatolian populations in the following years.

RESUMEN: Surcos de los vasos accesorios (SVA), o canales de vasos accesorios, es el nombre que se les da a los surcos que se ven en la región frontal del cráneo. En los estudios realizados por antropólogos sobre esqueletos de la antigüedad, algunas variaciones se pueden confundir con traumas debido a la morfología esquelética desconocida. Esta situación conduce a una valoración incorrecta de la estructura socioeconómica o sanitaria de la población. En este estudio, se llevó a cabo una investigación de surcos de vasos sanguíneos accesorios en los esqueletos de la población romana tardía y bizantina temprana. Se realizaron estudios en 69 esqueletos humanos adultos de edad y sexo conocidos, y 3 cráneos esqueléticos humanos cuyo sexo no se pudo determinar. La tasa de surcos de vasos accesorios se calculó como 10,54 % en la población antigua de Spradon. Si bien hay un 10,52 % de SVA en las mujeres de la población, se han detectado niveles más bajos de SVA en los hombres en comparación con las mujeres en un 9,67 %. No existe una diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres en términos de SVA. Aunque la relación de la variación de SVA con la hipertensión arterial está incluida en la literatura, la importante advertencia de esta estructura en la población de Spradon, particularmente en sujetos jóvenes, debilita esta hipótesis. La literatura sobre la existencia de SVA se ampliará aún más con los estudios que se llevarán a cabo en las antiguas poblaciones de Anatolia en el futuro.

De la Peste Antonina a la Peste de Cipriano: alcances y consecuencias de las pestes globales en el Imperio Romano en el siglo III dC / From the Antonine Plague to the Cyprian Plague: scopes and consequences of global plagues in the Roman Empire in the 3rd century AD

Resumen El Imperio Romano sufrió entre el siglo II y III dos grandes pestes, la Peste Antonina, de la cual existe bibliografía, y la Peste de Cipriano, que es menos conocida. Como una visión de conjunto, ambas pandemias se asemejan a la crisis que en el 2020 el coronavirus está generando en muchos aspectos de la vida humana. Este artículo se centra en el impacto que la peste de Cipriano tuvo en el contexto de la crisis del siglo III; su mortalidad se estima entre 10-20% de la población en los lugares afectados y finalmente sus efectos generaron varias de las condiciones necesarias para la transición del mundo antiguo al medieval. Se trata de comprender cómo el ciclo de pestes que va desde el siglo II al siglo III cambió la fisonomía del mundo romano y que lecciones nos entrega la historia 1700 años después.

Abstract Between the 2nd and 3rd centuries the Roman Empire suffered two great plagues, the Antonine Plague, of which there is a bibliography, and the lesser known Plague of Cyprian. As an overview, both pandemics resemble the crisis that in 2020 the Coronavirus is generating in many aspects of human life. This article focuses on the impact that the Cyprian plague had in the context of the crisis of the third century, its mortality is estimated between 10-20% of the population in the affected places, finally its effects generated several of the necessary conditions for the transition from the ancient to the medieval world. It is about understanding how the cycle of plagues that went from the 2nd century to the 3rd century changed the appearance of the Roman world and what lessons history gives us 1700 years later.

From papyrus leaves to bioprinting and virtual reality: history and innovation in anatomy / 대한해부학회지

The human quest to master the anatomy and physiology of living systems started as early as 1600 BC, with documents from the Greeks, Indians, and Romans presenting the earliest systematic studies and advances. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the progress slowed until the Renaissance renewed scientific interest in anatomy and physiology, ushering in an era of spectacular advances. Alongside the discoveries of modern science, innovations in media such as printing, photography and color reproduction, improved the accuracy of communicating science. Techniques for noninvasively viewing the human body, such as magnetic resonance imaging, opened up new ways of exploring and understanding anatomy, physiology, and disease pathogenesis. Advances in three-dimensional (3D)-technologies, including computer graphics and animation are directly linked to many advances in medicine and surgery. Anatomy education has come a long way from papyrus leaf inscriptions to computerized 3D modeling, holographic representation, and virtual reality-based software. The future presents unlimited options for studying and understanding anatomy as Google glasses, bioprinting, virtual reality, and allied technologies transform the world into a classroom. This review summarizes the journey of mankind to master anatomy and physiology.

Searching for neurological diseases in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of the Roman Empire / À procura de doenças neurológicas na dinastia Júlio-Claudiana do Império Romano

ABSTRACT The gens Julia was one of the oldest families in ancient Rome, whose members reached the highest positions of power. They made history because Julius Caesar, perpetual dictator, great-uncle of the first emperor, Augustus, passed his name on to the Julio-Claudian dynasty with the emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. Descriptions of the diseases of these emperors and some of his family members may indicate diagnoses such as epilepsy, dystonia, dementia, encephalitis, neurosyphilis, peripheral neuropathies, dyslexia, migraine and sleep disorders. In the historical context of ancient Rome, the possibility of infectious diseases related to the libertine way of life is quite large. However, there is a possibility that some of these diseases occurred from genetic transmission.

RESUMO A gens Iulia era uma das mais antigas famílias da Roma Antiga, com membros que chegaram aos mais altos cargos. Ficaram na história por causa de Julius Caesar, ditador perpétuo, pai adotivo do primeiro imperador Augustus, por meio de quem seu nome passou para a dinastia Julio-Claudian com os imperadores Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius e Nero. Descrições de doenças desses imperadores e de alguns de seus familiares podem nos remeter a diagnósticos como epilepsia, distonia, demência, encefalites, neurossífilis, neuropatias periféricas, dislexia, migrânea e distúrbios do sono. No contexto histórico da Roma antiga, a possibilidade de doenças infecciosas e relacionadas ao modo de vida libertino é bastante grande. Entretanto, existe a possibilidade de que algumas dessas doenças tenham ocorrido por transmissão genética.

The Birth of Hospital, Asclepius cult and Early Christianity / 의사학

History of hospital is one of main fields of researches in medical history. Besides writing a history of an individual hospital, considerable efforts have been made to trace the origin of hospital. Those who quest for the origin of hospital are faced with an inevitable problem of defining hospital. As the different definition can lead to a different outcome, it is important to make a clear definition. In this article, the hospital was defined as an institution in which patients are housed and given medical treatments. According to the definition, the Great Basilius is regarded to have created the first hospital in 369 CE. The creation of hospital is considered to be closely related with Christian philantrophy. However, the question is raised against this explanation. As the religious philantrophy does not exclusively belong to the Christianity alone, more comprehensive and persuasive theory should be proposed to explain why the first hospital was created in the Christian World, not in the Buddhistic or other religious world. Furthermore, in spite of sharing the same Christian background, why the first hospital appeared in Byzantine Empire, not in Western Roman Empire, also should be explained. My argument is that Asclepius cult and the favorable attitude toward medicine in Greek world are responsible to the appearance of the first hospital in Byzantine Empire. The evangelic work of Jesus was heavily depended on healing activities. The healing activities of Jesus and his disciples were rivalled by Asclepius cult which had been widely spread and practiced in the Hellenistic world. The temples of Asclepius served as a model for hospital, for the temples were the institution exclusively reserved for the patients. The exclusive housing of patients alone in the temples of Asclepius is clearly contrasted with the other early forms of hospitals in which not only patients but also the poor, foreigners and pilgrims were housed altogether. Toward the healing god Asclepius, the Latin Church fathers and Greek Church fathers showed significant difference of attitudes. The Latin fathers were generally very critical on Asclepius while the Greek fathers were more favorable to the same healing god. This difference is also considered to be an important factor that can explain why the first hospital appeared in the Byzantine Empire.

A First Case of Human Trichuriasis from a Roman Lead Coffin in France

A paleoparasitological study was carried out on 2 lead coffins recovered from the Roman site of Jaunay-Clan (near Poitiers, France). For the first time, this particular type of burial gave positive parasitological results, and eggs of the whipworm Trichuris trichiura were identified in 1 individual. In the present case, thanatomorphose associated with funerary practices may explain the scarcity of the recovered eggs. However, human whipworm has now been observed in 9 individuals dated to the Roman period. The very high frequency of Trichuris sp. eggs in Roman archaeological sites (up to 80%) suggests that fecal peril, hygiene, and waste management were problematic during this period. Finally, due to the fact that very few analyses have been conducted on human bodies dated to the Roman period, more analyses must be performed in the future to provide further information about diseases in the Roman world.

Development of Anatomophysiologic Knowledge Regarding the Cardiovascular System: From Egyptians to Harvey / Evolução do Conhecimento Anatomofisiológico do Sistema Cardiovascular: dos Egípcios a Harvey

Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS) has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC), it was believed that a set of channels are interconnected to the heart, transporting air, urine, air, blood, and the soul. One thousand years later, the heart was established as the center of the CVS by the Hippocratic Corpus in the medical school of Kos, and some of the CVS anatomical characteristics were defined. The CVS was known to transport blood via the right ventricle through veins and the pneuma via the left ventricle through arteries. Two hundred years later, in Alexandria, following the development of human anatomical dissection, Herophilus discovered that arteries were 6 times thicker than veins, and Erasistratus described the semilunar valves, emphasizing that arteries were filled with blood when ventricles were empty. Further, 200 years later, Galen demonstrated that arteries contained blood and not air. With the decline of the Roman Empire, Greco-Roman medical knowledge about the CVS was preserved in Persia, and later in Islam where, Ibn Nafis inaccurately described pulmonary circulation. The resurgence of dissection of the human body in Europe in the 14th century was associated with the revival of the knowledge pertaining to the CVS. The main findings were the description of pulmonary circulation by Servetus, the anatomical discoveries of Vesalius, the demonstration of pulmonary circulation by Colombo, and the discovery of valves in veins by Fabricius. Following these developments, Harvey described blood circulation.

O conhecimento da anatomofisiologia do Sistema Cardiovascular (SCV) progride desde o quarto milênio AC. No Egito (3500 AC), acreditava-se que um conjunto de canais conectava-se ao coração, transportando ar, urina, ar, sangue e a alma. Mil anos após, o Corpo Hipocrático, na escola médica de Kós, estabeleceu o coração como o centro do SCV, definindo algumas características deste órgão. O SCV transportava sangue via ventrículo direito pelas veias, e o pneuma via ventrículo esquerdo pelas artérias. Duzentos anos depois, em Alexandria, com o aparecimento da dissecção anatômica do corpo humano, Herophilus descobriu que as artérias eram seis vezes mais espessas que as veias, enquanto que Erasistratus descreveu as válvulas semilunares, enfatizando que as artérias eram preenchidas por sangue quando o ventrículo esquerdo se esvaziava. Duzentos anos depois, Galeno demonstrou que as artérias continham sangue, não ar. Com o declínio do Império Romano, todo o conhecimento médico Greco-romano do SCV foi preservado na Pérsia, e posteriormente no Islã, onde Ibn-Nafis descreveu incompletamente a circulação pulmonar. Aqui, deve-se enfatizar a incompleta descrição da circulação pulmonar por Ibn-Nafis. A ressurgência da dissecção do corpo humano na Europa no século XIV é associada ao renascimento do conhecimento do SCV. Os principais marcos foram a descrição da circulação pulmonar por Servetus, as descobertas anatômicas de Vesalius, a demonstração da circulação pulmonar por Colombo, e a descoberta das válvulas das veias por Fabricius. Tal contexto abriu o caminho para Harvey descobrir a circulação do sangue.

Rufus de éfeso (I d.C. ), médico y anatomista greco-romano / Rufus of ephesus (I a.C. ), medical doctor and greco-roman anatomist

Rufus de Éfeso (I d.C.), prominente médico-cirujano y anatomista greco-romano. Experto en anatomia, fisiología, observación clínica, cirugía y en el tratamiento de enfermedades, realizo hallazgos anatómicos y fisiológicos extraordinarios, entre otros permanecen conservados fragmentos de sus obras como: en la nomenclatura de las partes del cuerpo humano, en enfermedades del riñón y la vejiga, así como y en el interrogatorio del paciente.

Rufus of Ephesus (I a.C.), outstanding medical doctor, surgeon and greco-roman anatomist. Expert in anatomy, physiology, clinical observation, surgery and in treatment of the diseases, He realized extraordinary anatomical and physiological findings; among others remain conserved fragments of his works like: In nomenclature of the parts of the human body, In diseases of the kidney and the bladder, and In the interrogation of the patient.

Peregrinaciones a las fuentes de la medicina clásica / A journey to the foundations of classical medicine

The author narrates his trips, between 1951 and 2006, to the main historical sites of antique medicine, where physicians of pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico and Peru, Egypt, Greco Latin culture and Islamic civilizations, lived. The trip ends with a visit to medieval European medicine before Renaissance. A description of the main historical sites and the features of these medical and sanitary cultures is made. In antique civilizations, diseases were considered a punishment of pagan deities. Supernatural and magical influences were decisive in medical practice. The Greco Latin culture of Galen and Hippocrates freed manhood from these causes of diseases and gave a rational basis to the practice of medicine. The Islamic civilization allowed the transmission of Greco Latin culture to medieval Europe. This permitted the renaissance of European creativity and the foundation of modern scientific medicine in the sixteenth century. The author highlights the main virtues of classical Greco Latin medicine, that are the foundations of humanistic thoughts that will restrin the technological revolution of modern medicine.

Stature estimation of ancient Egyptians from the Greco-Roman period

The aim of the study was to evaluate the stature estimation regression equations derived from the Egyptian sample from Giza Old Kingdom and those derived from another Egyptian sample from Naqada. The best equation was chosen on the basis of the least difference between the estimated and anatomical stature. The chosen regression equations were used to estimate the living stature of the Greco-Roman ancient Egyptians from Bahriyah Oasis. The material consists of 8 skeletons with at least one complete side and a number of disarticulated skeletal elements. The skeletons were excavated from big rocky tombs in Bahriyah Oasis and belonged to the Greco-Roman period [332-30 B.C]. The best bone for stature estimation has been found to be the femur for males and females. The estimated statures of the Greco-Roman ancient Egyptians based on the chosen equation were 163.3 cm and 153.9 cm for males and females respectively. Using equations derived from the Egyptian sample from Giza Old Kingdom is better for estimating the ancient Egyptian stature as it gives the least difference than the anatomical. Moreover, the Greco Roman ancient Egyptians were shorter than ancient Egyptians from Giza whose statures were 165.8 and 153.9 cm males and females respectively

Tristis senectus: figuraçöes da velhice no mundo / Tristis senectus: old age's representations in the world

O horror - creio n ao estar exagerando - pela velhice atravessa, como um arrepio, o mundo antigo, de Hesiodo aos latinos da decadencia; ele esta presente tanto na iconografia quanto na literatura